Museums and the Online Archive of California (MOAC)
UCR/California
Museum of Photography
University
of California, Riverside
Steven Thomas
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
UCR/California Museum of Photography
is creating broad access to its Keystone-Mast Collection, the world's largest
amalgam of stereographic photography. Keystone-Mast encompasses an encyclopedic
view of global cultural history with images taken from the late 19th
through mid 20th centuries. Unprecedented access is being created
through the partnership with Museums and the Online Archive of California
(MOAC). MOAC builds on the collection tactics by opening expansive access for
the Internet audience.
As required by MOAC guidelines,
UCR/CMP staff has archived high-resolution master TIF files, sibling JPEG files
and the standardized metadata for each item in the Keystone-Mast Collection
Guide. As of January 2003, UCR/CMP will have 38,852 completed records available
for network accessibility. This process has yielded duo venues of online
service. The California Digital Library will be serving XML EAD DTDs and
UCR/CMP will be serving less formal, more curatorial HTML digital catalog.
UCR/CMP's Keystone-Mast metadata is
entered into a FileMaker Pro database. Using a MySQL editing data set,
automated scripts are applied to transmit resolved data into a MOAC-ready
encoded archival document (EAD). The resulting EAD DTD is ordained for delivery
to the California Digital Library's Online Archive of California (OAC). The
attached paper entitled, MOAC, UCR/CMP, & Online Collections Management
Systems by James
Mac Devitt, Digital Media Associate, describes UCR/CMP's methods of automation
and provides motives for its use. (See pages 7 through 12).
XML
Collection Guide
The MOAC EAD DTD includes detailed
administrative and collection information. Item-level descriptions are fixed
within the <co> container lists. The image sets consist of a thumbnail
showing a JPEG-detail (a half-stereoview), linked to a reference JPEG-image.
The larger reference image displays the entire stereoview. Access to the MOAC
collection guide is gained through <http://www.moac.cdlib.org>.
Keystone-Mast Collection Guide 2003 encompasses thirty percent of the total
physical collection of Keystone stereographs.
In due
time, UCR/CMP will re-upload the Keystone-Mast Collection Guide into the OAC
with a further resolved four-image representation (described in the next
section). To accomplish this, each item would be treated as a complex (MOA2)
object. All of the raw material is available. The programming will be created
after funding is in place.
HTML
Collection Guide
UCR/CMP's Keystone-Mast Online Guide
(the home site) will provide detailed descriptions and include four types of
digital images for each stereograph:
the
thumbnail (detail, a one-sided stereo),
the
reference image (the full stereo pair),
a
large detail (enlarged one-side of the stereograph),
and
finally, the backside of each stereograph. This is captured and presented as a
JPEG image. The backside is generally inscribed with hand written annotations,
citations and the company's numbering codes).
The home
site has features and flexibility not standardized in the realm of the OAC
consortium. UCR/CMP's home site provides customized search/browse functions,
researcher photo albums (similar to online shopping carts), e-cards (dynamic
downloads for email delivery), and other site-specific countenance.
UCR/CMP
home site is browsed through <http://photo.ucr.edu/kmast/>.
The STEREOGRAPHS
Stereographs are juxtapositions of two slightly different
gelatin silver photoprint views. Keystone View stereo images are created with a
two-lens camera. The lenses are offset approximately 2.5 inches. The spacing is comparable to the gap
between human eyes. When simultaneous photographs are taken through the
dual-lens stereo camera, left- and right-eyed paired-views are exposed on film.
This produces a stereoscopic image. Stereographs are loaded into a stereoscope
(a 3D viewing device). With the stereoscope, users can see both sides of the
pair independently-left eye to left side and right eye to right side. The brain
interprets the binocular view, transforming it into a single 3D perception.
It is possible to free-view stereographs (viewing without
a stereoscope), but it takes a bit of eye aerobics. To free-view, one must
concentrate on the pair while forcing the eyes to diverge. Divergence is the
opposite of crossing. For example, focusing on a distant vista will trigger
involuntary eye-divergence. The opposite is also true. Looking at very close
objects will cause the eyes to become crossed. Crossed-eye viewing of a
stereograph yields hyper stereo. This crossed-eye mode produces what seems like
a 3D view, but the foreground and background are inverted. Therefore crossing
is less effective than diverging.
Stereography in the United States
Stereo
publishers experienced their golden years in the early decades of the 20th
century. Stereoview cards earned a substantial foothold in U.S. households and
gained extensive curricular use in America's K-12 schools. Aggressive sales
tactics employed by stereo publishers energized the lucrative market for
armchair travelers. Communities were regularly visited by door-to-door stereo
salespersons. Stereographs became an American standard for learning about
places, people, and events. Neighbors would share sets of stereo cards while
sitting next to their fireside. The cards were enjoyed as entertainment and
substituted for world travel. School children would gather with large sets of
stereo views, using them to fulfill classroom assignments. Broadly interpreted,
yesteryear's encounter with tours of the world may be compared to the
experience of web-surfing habits of today.
Traditional
stereo viewing required touch. Cards were handed from one person to the next.
Discovering great 3D scenes frequently generated exclamations such as "ooh" or
"ah." Similar expressions of amazement continue today. Onsite researchers of
Keystone-Mast Collection are astonished at stereography's overstated level of
acuteness. Most stereoviews display layers of well-defined content. This
exaggerated 3D-space visually separates the foreground from middle and background. Frequently, subjects
within 3D media stand out from their surroundings because layers of space are
seen on separate planes. When a long-sought subject of disclosure jumps out of
the 3D plane, a first impulse is to share the discovery with those nearby.
Today's researchers continue to uphold the "ooh" and "ah" tradition.
The
multi-dimensional touch of Keystone-Mast imagery has been under wraps for
decades. Access remained a manual process of
traveling to Riverside, California and physically examining the original file
prints. Internet access has changed the way in which Keystone-Mast is tapped.
The new standard is independence from traveling and appointments. The twilight
of MOAC is the dawn of Keystone-Mast wired.
THE 19th
CENTURY EXPERIENCE CREATED FOR THE 21st CENTURY BROWSER
The
Keystone-Mast Collection has been in demand since it was acquired in the late
1970s. Researchers from diverse fields of study are drawn to the Keystone-Mast.
Their common call is to harvest imagery for references in everything from book
reports to dissertations and from textbooks to 3D IMAX movies. With amazing
breadth, Keystone-Mast chronicles three-dimensional moments that focus on
worldwide historic events, cultural uniqueness, social struggle, the arts,
human achievement, the products of industry and other global reflections. Our
challenge early on was to exhibit Keystone-Mast stereoviews for an
international community. Internet services emerged as the best vehicle for
delivering Keystone's immense treasures.
Kick-starting
our web activity in 1994, the museum received an Apple Library of Tomorrow
award. This was a significant gift of Apple computers and software. Forging
ahead, UCR/CMP tapped into a T1 line at the UCR campus and started presenting
online exhibitions. These included views from the collections. Right away, the
museum was serving an international community. For example, The museum posted a
dozen Keystone-Mast 19th century views of temples, forts and
cityscapes less than twelve hours after a cataclysmic earthquake struck Kobe,
Japan in 1995. Within days, the majority of the museum's online audience
shifted from Canada and US to online users in Japan. The popularity of
UCR/CMP's web site continues to grow by leaps and bounds. Much of this
attention may be attributed to our ability to keep in pace with world events.
Today, the web site receives daily visits by over 15,000 individuals.
Online
accessibility not only became a reality it influenced collection management.
Because of international demand for imagery, the museum geared up for
programmatic strategies to create digital collections. A 1996 NEH Preservation
and Access grant fueled the development of online delivery systems. The collection
staff started using a FileMaker Pro database for collection management.
FileMaker database frameworks are easy to design and manipulate. This allowed
staff to alter variables and add fields as needed. Subsequent intellectual
control and organization of collection data evolved from in-house,
non-standardized data sets to a Dublin Core model of organization to the
current-day MOAC best practice methodology. MOAC best practice has become the
archetype for UCR/CMP metadata management. Our organizational structure is
dramatically different than the intuitive model that existed in the
transitional time of 1994 to 1998. The 2003 MOAC Keystone-Mast Collection Guide
subscribes to high national standards. Furthermore, today's collection
management foundation is flexible enough to adjust to unfolding organizational
demands.
Physical Structure and virtual Architecture of the Keystone-Mast
Collection Guide
Keystone-Mast Collection is the remaining archive of the
Keystone View Company of Meadville, Pennsylvania. By 1926, Keystone View
Company had gained control of all major stereo publishers in the United States
(and a few from outside of the States as well). The company created a massive
hierarchical file of contact printed stereographs. All of the 100,000 contact
prints are approximately 7.18 x 4.18 inches. This body of stereographic views
were produced by a myriad of stereo publishers and homogenized into index
subject headings. The cardinal index divisions are Geographic and Social Science. Headings in Geographic are organized alphabetically by countries,
provinces, states, dependencies and other territorial divisions. Whereas Social
Science files include hundreds of subjects
ranging broadly from beverages to transportation. Special Topics, a secondary division, is made of isolated
containers with images culled mainly from Geographic topics. Tertiary topics within Special
Topics include North American
Indians, Prominent People, and stereoview
sets by well-known Stereographers. The Stereographers are further divided into
a (sub-tertiary) geographic schema.
Legacy classification is an important aspect of the
Keystone-Mast Collection. The new order of classification inherent in the
digitized collection is determined by hierarchical sorts and pre-programmed
constructions. The attempt is to mirror the company's original design in the
virtual realm. For this reason, some Keystone-Mast images have more than one
citation. For example, "X1234567_Theodore Roosevelt" may exist within
the "geographic" category of the US state, "colorado," as
well as the "special_topics" sub-category of "prominent_people."
Practical guides to Keystone-Mast must allow for multiple query results,
relating to the same imagery.
Quantity
of Items Uploaded to OAC
The quantity of records, per subgroups, is as
follows:
Geographic = 25,422
Special
Topics = 7,147
Special
Topics with Geographic divisions = 6,283
Grand
total for the Winter 2003 MOAC upload = 38,852
Grand
total for images (not uploaded*) = 32,569
*The 32,569 unique images
are served from UCR/CMP's <photo.ucr.edu/kmast> server.
FUTURE
UPLOADS TO OAC
MOAC
Classic is coming to a close, yet MOAC the concept is far from finalized. The
OAC has agreed to keep the door open for more uploads in the future. The
Keystone-Mast Collection Guide currently resting in the OAC community is
approximately 30 percent complete. The guide includes all of the imagery from the
Western Hemisphere and pockets of imagery from worldwide locations. Large
groups of image-content that have not been processed include Europe, Asia, and
Africa. Therefore, UCR/CMP looks forward to entering further chapters into the
OAC's Keystone-Mast Collection Guide. In addition, the museum is developing
other digital collections. These may be previewed at
<http://www.cmp.ucr.edu/photo/collections.html>:
- Will Connell Collection
The Will Connell Archive contains approximately 15,000
negatives and prints along with individual periodicals, personal notes,
technical photographic books, manuscripts, and photographic equipment. There
are 4,554 searchable entries currently online.
- Ansel Adams Fiat Lux Collection
1,761 rare images made by Ansel Adams in the 1960s,
collected into a searchable online database.
- Harry Pidgeon Collection: California
The Harry Pidgeon Collection consists of approximately 1,500
glass plate negatives. 279 of these images focus on the state of California and
have here been collected in a searchable online database.
- Osvald Siren Collection
Images of China's Forbidden City from the 1920s. Includes
a searchable database of 215 original prints from the Joseph Baird Collection.
MOACII and User Evaluation of MOAC Classic
The Museums and the Online Archive of California IIUser
Evaluation (MOAC II) project will examine MOAC Classic as its
online test bed. Control groups will critique the contents, packaging and presentation.
Results from MOACII will influence UCR/CMP plans relating to access and
delivery of online collections. Content in the MOAC Keystone-Mast Collection
Guide represents a large percentage of the total OAC test bed. As a non-funded
(yet very active) participant of MOACII, UCR/CMP anticipates harvesting
valuable results from the evaluation. UCR/CMP will be encouraging MOACII to
utilize the UCR/CMP's Keystone-Mast Online Guide as a parallel resource for the
project's user control groups.
UCR/CMP's Home Site,
Keystone-Mast Online Guide
The
UCR/CMP main web site <http://www.cmp.ucr.edu> is in demand by an
international audience. The earliest web logs date back to June 1996. At that
time, we recorded 20,000 visitors, based on unique IP addresses, from 80
different countries with a total of 230,000 hits for the year. However, just in
the month of March 2002 our main server recorded 8.7 million hits, with 2
million pages viewed, and 480,000 visitors from 124 different countries; and,
the museum's education server <photo.ucr.edu>, specially set up for
secondary school access, recorded 428,047 hits, 9,000 visitors. The total for
March 2002 of the two servers indicates over 9 million hits from 500,000
visitors from every wired country in the world. A measure of increased audience
awareness is indicated by a quick search via Alta Vista search engine for
linkage to our site. In 1997 there were 400 links; today there are 3,524 links
from sites around the globe.
The Keystone-Mast Online Guide has been operating behind the scenes on
the museum's education server for approximately four years. However, the guide
has not gone public. It has been in a test mode-growing from 4,000 items in
1999 to 20,000 in 2000 to over 30,000 today. Without a published URL, knowledge
of Keystone-Mast has spread by word-of-mouth. For the last two years, staff has
shared the non-public web address with researchers, academic contacts and
funding agencies. In fact, we have noticed a dramatic increase in demand for
images through the test site. New users have emerged mainly from picture
researchers in the field of public television. These unsolicited requests have
been from TV stations in New York, Boston, United Kingdom, Ireland and France.
User feedback by researchers will be proactively summoned after the home
site Keystone-Mast guide is made openly accessible to the general online
community. There is already a brief questionnaire built into the image order
form. The expanded evaluation form will be modeled after that which is designed
by MOACII. Results from home site usage will be made available to MOACII
evaluators.
Summary
Humanity is
embracing technologies that remove all obstacles to its intellectual property.
MOAC has prepared the stage for unprecedented study of Keystone views. Because
of this, the world is regaining ready access to Keystone-Mast stereoviews. This
is historic. Keystone-Mast represents a small yet potent portion of
stereography's contribution the photographic record. It is the world's largest,
most comprehensive body of stereographic imagery. The collection represents
early 20th century's best attempt to describe the world
photographically. MOAC and similar projects exemplify the potential of
information delivery systems. This partnership is serving humankind with undetermined
benefits.
MOAC, UCR/CMP, & Online Collections Management
Systems
By James Mac Devitt, Digital Media Associate
UCR/California
Museum of Photography (UCR/CMP) joined the Museums and the Online Archive of
California (MOAC) consortium with a pre-existing web serving setup intended to
provide access to museum exhibitions and collection projects. With the Stereographs of the Americas
(SOA) Program, supported by the Haines Foundation and later by National
Endowment for the Humanities, UCR/CMP was already on its way to digitizing,
optimizing, and databasing selected sections of its Keystone-Mast Collection
for the Web. On an Apple OS 8.6
WebStar Server, the museum's website, www.cmp.ucr.edu,
used a combination of FileMaker databases and Blueworld's Lasso middleware to
enable dynamic searches of its collections. This was an acceptable setup for a short period of time, but
as UCR/CMP began working with MOAC, it became obvious that the system was
failing under the shear load of the digitized collection, 33,000 individual
records strong and growing every day (the Keystone-Mast Collection contains
over 250,000 prints and 350,000 glass negatives). It has not been established whether this work slow-down was
due to FileMaker or the server itself, but in either case, we found a need to
move to a larger OS X Apache Server, with dual 1-Ghz processors. While FileMaker itself is capable of
running on a dual-processor system, the Web Companion module that it uses to
communicate with middleware such as Lasso or PHP is not. This limitation alone, along with
FileMaker's inability to embed multiple tables within a hierarchy of databases,
forced UCR/CMP to seek an alternative databasing system. With OS X, Apple had built a robust
operating system around a BSD UNIX kernel, capable of hosting an
enterprise-level SQL database such as MySQL or PostGRESQL. The latest edition of Lasso now comes
bundled with MySQL, which UCR/CMP incorporated into its dynamic collections
management system. As such, while
BAM/PFA's DAMD system was certainly robust, being based off of FileMaker Pro
(and Microsoft Access for Windows), it was not suited for our multi-purposed
system. We saw no need to
duplicate our collections management efforts, the results of which are used
both on our own website and exported in EAD format to be used as part of MOAC's
contribution to CDL's Online Archive of California (OAC).
However,
MOAC's inspirational project, spearheaded by the BAM/PFA and OAC, convinced
UCR/CMP of the need to condense and centralize its collections management
system with other museum programs.
We have moved from the DAMD application model, to a more discursive and
multi-functional Intranet/Extranet model.
In this way, UCR/CMP is able to modularly integrate its internal
collections management system with its external finding aids, as well as
providing functional member services such as the ability to create photo albums
and research lists, print sales, e-cards, opt-in mailing lists, and other such
useful tools. Moreover, since
these tools are already integrated with internal staff tools such as purchase
orders, condition reports, and technical information, UCR/CMP now has the
ability to automate almost every aspect of its online and physical existence,
greatly increasing productivity without impinging on scholastic integrity or
overloading the fiscal budget. In
other words, we are able to do more with less people, while at the same time
shifting the mindless busywork onto automated systems, leaving the staff free
to focus on more important and intensive aspects of their job descriptions.
Additionally, with the new Intranet/Extranet system, there is no lag-time
between creation and reception of information. On a practical level, this means that individuals working in
Collections can make changes to the database via our Intranet and those changes
will be "live" immediately to anyone viewing that information via our
website. This situation can be
favorably compared to the MOAC XML system, which seems to have a somewhat more
extensive transitionary period, mainly due to the logistical problems
surrounding the integration of varied collections from a multitude of
institutions. UCR/CMP's choice to
use our existing Intranet/Extranet model, however, is not meant to imply any
disdain for DAMD. Quite the
opposite, it is understood from the beginning that MOAC, as a group, is
attempting to confront a different set of issues. Finding a way to share data across institutions, especially
ones with a variety of object types, requires different solutions, and XML has
become the premiere methodology for dealing with this problem. As such, UCR/CMP has decided to build
DAMD's functional ability to export EAD and other XML DTDs directly into our
Intranet system. As with DAMD, the
Intranet has a "push-button" solution to the export procedure,
meaning any member of the Collections staff can push a button in the Intranet
and the Apache server running Lasso will gather the data from the MySQL
database, dynamically loop through the data to build links and fill other
variables and then display the finished EAD document to the staff member. Also, since the variables remain the
same, UCR/CMP is also able to export data to other XML DTDs as well, such as
Dublin-Core, greatly increasing the number of consortiums with which we can
share our collections.
Additionally,
participation in MOAC has conditioned UCR/CMP towards standardization of its
collection management records. As
with MOAC itself, the Collections of UCR/CMP contain a wide range of objects;
from photographic prints to glass plate negatives, from small photographic
apparatuses to complex displaying devices, from photographers' logbooks and
notes to rare photographic albums and catalogs. The greatest benefit of working with the other
co-participants in the project has been finding descriptive fields and
standardized vocabularies that are broad enough to sufficiently incorporate all
of the varied objects in UCR/CMP's Collections.
Appendix A - Code-level example of EAD export using Lasso
and MySQL
<!ENTITY millen SYSTEM
"http://www.cmp.ucr.edu/essays/edward_earle/millenium/" NDATA
HTML>
<?filetitle Keystone-Mast Collection>
<ead>
<eadheader audience="internal"
langencoding="ISO 639-2"
findaidstatus="unverified-full-draft">
<eadid type="SGML catalog">PUBLIC
"-//UCR/California Museum of Photography//TEXT
(US::CU-RivMP::::Keystone-Mast Collection)//EN" "kmast"
</eadid><filedesc><titlestmt>
<titleproper>Guide to the Keystone-Mast Collection,
<date>1870-1963</date></titleproper>
<author>Processed by UCR/California Museum of
Photography staff; machine-readable finding aid created by
Jennifer Frias</author>
</titlestmt><publicationstmt>
&hdr-rivmp;
<date>© 2000</date>
<p>The Regents of the University of California. All
rights reserved.</p>
</publicationstmt></filedesc><profiledesc>
<creation>Machine-readable finding aid derived from
Filemaker Pro database developed by UCR/California Museum of Photography.
<lb>Date of source:
<date>2000.</date></creation>
<langusage>Description is in
<language>English.</language></langusage>
</profiledesc>
</eadheader>
<frontmatter><titlepage>
<titleproper>Guide to the Keystone-Mast Collection,
<date>1870-1963</date></titleproper>
<publisher>UCR/California Museum of
Photography<lb>
<lb><extptr actuate="auto"
show="embed" entityref="rivmpgif">
<lb>University of California, Riverside
<lb>Riverside, California</publisher>
&tp-rivmp;
<list type="deflist">
<defitem>
<label>Processed by: </label>
<item>UCR/California Museum of Photography
staff</item>
</defitem>
<defitem>
<label>Date Completed: </label>
<item>2000</item>
</defitem>
<defitem>
<label>Encoded by: </label>
<item>Jennifer Frias</item>
</defitem>
</list>
<p>© 2000 The Regents of the University of
California. All rights reserved.</p>
</titlepage></frontmatter>
<archdesc level="collection"
langmaterial="en">
<did>
<head>Descriptive Summary</head>
<unittitle label="Title">Keystone-Mast
Collection, <unitdate
type="inclusive">1870-1963</unitdate></unittitle>
<origination
label="Creator"><corpname>Keystone View
Company</corpname></origination>
<repository
label="Repository"><corpname>UCR/California Museum of
Photography</corpname><address>
<addressline>Riverside, California
92521</addressline>
</address>
</repository>
</did>
<admininfo>
<head>Administrative Information</head>
<accessrestrict>
<head>Access</head>
<p>Collection is open for research.</p>
</accessrestrict>
<userestrict>
<head>Publication Rights</head>
<p>Copyright has been assigned to UC Regents and is
administered by UCR/California Museum of Photography. All requests for
permission to publish or quote from manuscripts must be submitted in writing to
the Curator of Collections. Permission for publication is given on behalf of
the UC Regents.</p>
</userestrict>
<prefercite>
<head>Preferred Citation</head>
<p>(Print number) - (Title or Inscription),
Keystone-Mast Collection, UCR/California Museum of Photography,
University of California, Riverside.</p>
</prefercite>
</admininfo>
<odd>
<head>Abstract</head>
<p>UCR/California Museum of Photography faces the
challenge of providing ready, useful and
intellectual access to a valuable body of cultural and
educational resources of interest to
the general public and scholars alike. Consisting of 250,000
stereoscopic glass-plate and
film negatives and 100,000 vintage prints, UCR/CMP's
Keystone-Mast Collection is the
archive of the Keystone View Company of Meadville, PA
(active from 1892-1963). As a
collection, it is the world's largest assemblage of original
stereoscopic negatives and prints
providing an encyclopedic view of global cultural history.
Formed over the period of the
United States' emergence as a world power, Keystone-Mast not
only chronicles an age,
it also represents in pictures a dominant point of view
about the world during the nineteenth
and twentieth centuries. It is an important tool for among
others, anthropologists, art
historians, cultural studies scholars, historians, political
scientists and sociologists.</p>
</odd>
<bioghist>
<head>Biography</head>
<p>The Keystone View Company was founded by amateur
photographer, B. L. Singley of Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1892. Taking
advantage of the public's curiosity in viewing disasters, Singley launched the
company into the stereo market with sets of thirty stereo cards which recorded
the flooding of the nearby French Creek. The growth of stereo photography,
depicting national and international subjects, paralleled the emergence of
modern America on the world's stage. Other factors which bolstered
stereography's popularity was the novelty of experiencing explicit
three-dimensional detail in a stereo card and the potential for card owners to
frequently revisit views of world events in private or during social
gatherings. Stereographs were to 19th Century generations, what television and
the Internet are to contemporary culture, and enabled armchair observers to
have vicarious experiences in faraway places.</p>
<p>Dates attributed to Keystone-Mast images range from
late-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century (with the strengths between 1895 and
1928). The collection is a composite of several stereograph publishing
companies. By 1920, the Keystone View Company cornered the market by acquiring
the negative collections of all major stereograph publishers such as B. W.
Kilburn, H. C. White, Underwood & Underwood, and C. H. Graves. In 1939,
Keystone View Company was marketing over 40,000 stereograph titles.</p>
<p>A large number of sales were generated through the
efforts of door-to-door salesmen, often groups of college students who would
canvas entire towns. The stereograph's combination of educational value and
entertainment potential appealed to emerging middle-class families. An excerpt
from Keystone sales literature states, "The stereograph gives reality to
the World Tour and is exceeded only by the actual experiences of travel."
While this assumption is open to criticism, it remains a powerful sales
incentive today and is one element in the current popular fascination with the
Internet and World Wide Web (Howard Becker, "Stereographs: Local,
National, and International Art Worlds," Points of View: The Stereograph
in America, A Cultural History, Edward W. Earle, ed., Rochester: Visual Studies
Workshop Press, 1979. pp. 89-96. Edward W. Earle, "Millennium: The End of
the World As We Know It," SF Camerawork, (21:2) Fall/Winter, 1994, pp.
12-19. Edward W. Earle, "Millennium," (an evolving essay on
photography, American history, and networked information at
<extref
entityref="millen"> http://www.cmp.ucr.edu/essays/edward_earle/millenium/</extref>))</p>
Another sales engine which powered Keystone View
Company's success well into the 20th Century was its marketing of educational
systems. Schools, libraries, and other educational institutions were provided
with boxed sets of stereo cards at competitive prices. In 1922, Keystone
boasted that every school district in a city with a population of over 50,000
had the Keystone System for each of its school. Notable educators, historians,
and authors were comissioned as consultants, among the editorial advisors, were
the poet Carl Sandburg and Ernest Thompson Seton. Keystone engaged the popular
travel lecturer, Burton Holmes, to author much of the company's literature.
Inspired marketing and broad ranges of worldwide imagery perpetuated the
stereographs as popular objects for enjoyment and education. Keystone's stereo
publishing reign continued through 1930s. Finally, production of stereo cards
stopped in 1939. The company's production moved from stereographs to producing
instructional lanternslides for schools. Sets of these 4x5 inch glass-mounted
transparencies were published into the 1950s. The Keystone View Company was
sold to the Mast Development Company in 1963. The Keystone division of the Mast
company continued to manufacture stereoscopic viewing devices for optometrists,
however they had no market for the enormous collection of prints, glass and
film negatives. In 1977, Mead Kibbey, a businessman from Sacramento,
California, successfully negotiated the donation of the Keystone View Company's
archive. After thirty-eight years of nearly idle storage, the collection was
donated intact to UCR/CMP by family members of the late Gifford Mast of
Davenport, Iowa. In a tribute to the Mast Family, the collection is
subsequently known as the Keystone-Mast Collection.</p>
<p>In 1990, the collection was moved from the UC
Riverside campus into a state-of-the-art collections room of a renovated
3-story structure, redesigned specifically for UCR/California Museum of
Phototgraphy.</p>
</bioghist>
<dsc type="combined">
<head>Keystone-Mast Collection</head>
<c01 level="series">
<did><unittitle>Stereographic Photoprints by
Geographical Location</unittitle></did>
[Var: 'SQL_Query1' = 'SELECT continent FROM kmast GROUP BY
continent;']
[Inline: -Database='collections',
-Keyfield='id',
-SQL=$SQL_Query1]
[Records]
[Var: 'continent' = (Field: 'continent')]
[Var: 'SQL_Query2' = 'SELECT country FROM kmast WHERE
continent="' + $continent + '" GROUP BY country;']
<c02 level="subseries">
<did><unittitle>[Output:
$continent]</unittitle></did>
[Inline: -Database='collections',
-Keyfield='id',
-SQL=$SQL_Query2]
[Records]
[Var: 'country' = (Field: 'country')]
[Var: 'SQL_Query3' = 'SELECT state FROM kmast WHERE
country="' + $country + '" GROUP BY state;']
<c03 level="subseries">
<did><unittitle>[Output:
$country]</unittitle></did>
[Inline: -Database='collections',
-Keyfield='id',
-SQL=$SQL_Query3]
[Records]
<c04 level="subseries">
<did><unititle>[If: field:'state'!=''][field:
"state"][else]General[/If]</unititle></did>
[Inline: -Findall,
-Database='collections',
-Table='cms',
-KeyField='id',
-Operator='cn',
'state'=(Field: 'state'),
-MaxRecords='10']
[records]<c05 id="[If: field:'state'!=''][field:
"state"][else]General[/If]_stereo.[field: 'accession_number']"
level="item">
<did>
<daogrp>
<daoloc entityref="[If: field:'state'!=''][field:
"state"][else]General[/If]_stereo.[field: 'accession_number']"
href="http://138.23.124.164/images/kmast/[string_lowercase:(String_Replace:
Find=' ', Replace='',(field: "continent"))]/[If:
field:'country'!=''][string_lowercase:(String_Replace: Find=' ',
Replace='',(field: "country"))]/[else][/If][If: field:'state'!=''][string_lowercase:(String_Replace:
Find=' ', Replace='',(field:
"state"))]/[else][/If]stereo/[string_lowercase:(String_Replace:
Find=' ', Replace='',(field: "accession_number"))].jpg"
role="hi-res"></daoloc>
<daoloc entityref="[If: field:'state'!=''][field: "state"][else]General[/If]_thumb.[field:
'accession_number']"
href="http://138.23.124.164/images/kmast/[string_lowercase:(String_Replace:
Find=' ', Replace='',(field: "continent"))]/[If:
field:'country'!=''][string_lowercase:(String_Replace: Find=' ', Replace='',(field:
"country"))]/[else][/If][If:
field:'state'!=''][string_lowercase:(String_Replace: Find=' ',
Replace='',(field:
"state"))]/[else][/If]thumbs/[string_lowercase:(String_Replace:
Find=' ', Replace='',(field: "accession_number"))].jpg"
role="thumbnail"></daoloc>
<daodesc><p>Detail of Stereographic
Print</p></daodesc>
</daogrp>
<origination><persname>[field:
'photographer']</persname></origination>
<unittitle>[field: 'title']</unittitle>
<unitdate>[field:
'date_of_creation'].</unitdate>
<physdesc>
<genreform>Stereograph. Silver Gelatin
Photoprint.</genreform><dimensions>h4.18 x w7.18
inches</dimensions>
</physdesc>
<repository>UCR/California Museum of
Photography</repository>
<unitid>[field: 'accession_number']</unitid>
</did>
<admininfo><custodhist><p>Keystone-Mast
Collection, UCR/California Museum of Photography, University of California,
Riverside</p></custodhist></admininfo>
<odd>
<head>Inscription</head>
<p>[field: 'inscription']</p>
</odd><controlaccess>
<head>Subject</head>
<p>[field: 'LCSH_summary']</p>
</controlaccess>
</c05>[/records]
[/Inline]
</c04>
[/Records]
[/Inline]
</c03>
[/Records]
[/Inline]
</c02>
[/Records]
[/Inline]
</c01>
</dsc></archdesc></ead>
Appendix B - Screen Capture of Lasso MySQL database
(online interface)
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